Let’s: Plain text: X= 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 X= 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 Give No: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IP formula: 2 6 3 1 4 8 5 7 IP (X): 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 Output IP(X): 1101 0010 Complex function: Fk(L,F(L F(R,SK1),R) Putting values in formula Dividing IP (x) into two parts right and lift side IP (x)=1101 0010 Right side=1101 lift side=0010 Fk(1101,0010)=(1101 ⊕ f(0010, 10100),0010) 1 ST SOLVE F: F given in formula F: E/P E/P Formula: 4 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 Right side: 0010 Give No: 1234 Applying E/P: 4 1 2 3 2 3 4 1 Output (E/P): 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 Taking XOR BE...